Forests are entire ecosystems and, as such, they comprise a wide diversity of species. From the perspective of a manager seeking an economic return from a forest, some of these species are more desirable than others. Trees provide timber, with some being more valuable than others. They may also provide a range of other products, including flowers, fruit and bark. In a few cases, other parts of the tree may be used, such as the traditional use of cedar roots for weaving by Aboriginal people of western North America, or the use of foliage to provide essential oils. Other species in the forest may also provide products, including bamboo, rattan, and a variety of trees, shrubs and herbs. Many fungi, part of the decomposer cycle within the forest, may provide edible fruiting bodies.
Many agents can disrupt the productive functions of a forest, some natural and some anthropogenic. In this module, we will look at these agents, and how they can be managed. At all times, it is important to remember that a healthy, natural forest will always contain dead plant materials. Indeed such materials are an essential part of the ecosystem, and also represent an important carbon store (a topic discussed in the next module). In plantation forests, there is much more of a focus on keeping all productive trees healthy, and diseased trees may be removed fairly quickly in order to maintain the overall health of the stand.
Innes, J., & Tikina, A. (Eds.). (2014).Sustainable forest management: From principles to practice.London: Earthscan Publications. ISBN: 1844077241. Chapter 5.
Optional Readings
Agee, J.K. (1993).Fire ecology of the Pacific Northwest forests. Washington DC: Island Press. ISBN: 9781559632300; ISBN: 9781610913782
Bell, J.N.B., & Treshow, M. (2002).Air pollution and plant life (2nd. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN-13: 978-0471490906
Butin, H. (1995).Tree diseases and disorders:Causes, biology and control in forest and amenity trees. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN-13: 978-0198549321
Brookes, M.H., Campbell, S. J., & Liegel, L. H. (Eds.). (1996)Disturbance and forest health in Oregon and Washington(General Technical Report PNW 381). Portland, OR, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 105 p. Retrieved fromhttps://archive.org/details/disturbancefores00camprichLinks to an external site.
Maynard, D.G., Stadt, J.J., Mallett, K.I., & Volney, W.J.A. (1994).Sulfur impacts on forest health in west-central Alberta(Information report NOR-X-334). Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Forest Service, Northwest Region. 51 p. Retrieved fromhttp://www.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/bookstore_pdfs/11938.pdfLinks to an external site.
Paine, T.D. (Ed.) (2006).Invasive forest insects, introduced forest trees, and altered ecosystems: Ecological pest management in global forests of a changing world. The Netherlands: Springer Verlag. ISBN: 978-1-4020-5161-6 (Print) 978-1-4020-5162-3 (Online). Retrieved fromhttp://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F1-4020-5162-XLinks to an external site.
Perera, A.H., Buse, L.J., & Weber, M.G. (Eds.). (2008).Emulating natural forest landscape disturbances. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN-10: 0231129173; ISBN-13: 978-0231129176.
Rapport, D. J., Gaudet, C. L., Costanza, R., Epstein, P.R., & Levins, R. (Eds.). (1998).Ecosystem health: Principles and practice. Malden: Blackwell Science. ISBN-10: 0632043687; ISBN-13: 978-0632043682
Sankaran, K.V., & Suresh, T. A. (2103).Invasive alien plants in the forests of Asia and the Pacific. RAP Publication 2013/06. Bangkok: Food and Agriculture Organizati on of the United Nations (FAO) Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. Retrieved fromhttp://www.fao.org/3/a-i3276e.pdfLinks to an external site.
Sinclair, W.A., & Lyon, H.H. (2005).Diseases of trees and shrubs(2nd). Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN-10: 0801443717; ISBN-13: 978-0801443718
The self-test quiz is designed to check your understanding of important learning concepts for this topic. The quiz contains ten multiple choice questions. There is no time limit for you to take the quiz and you may attempt to take it as many times as you like. After you click the Submit button, you will see your Grade, number of Correct Answers, your answers, and the Answer Key for each question.
Quiz Instructions:
While you are taking the quiz, we advise you not referring to any course materials. After you Submit your answers, you may self-reflect the missing points, review relevant contents as necessary, and retake the quiz again until you get the full points.
When you are ready, click the link Topic Quiz 2.2or go to left menu > Quizzes > Topic Quiz 2.2 to start taking the quiz.
Activities & Assignments
Online Discussion Module 2
If you have not already done so, once you have read Chapters 3 and 5 of Innes, J.L. and Tikina, A. 2017. Sustainable Forest Management: From Concept to Practice, post one thought provoking question related to the conservation of biodiversity or the maintenance of forest health, and remember to answer/respond to at least one other student’s question on the discussion board Online Discussion Module 2. While you are only required to post one question and answer per module, we encourage you do so for each topic, and you will receive a higher grade if you do.
Assignment #4: Six Sentence Answer #4
In this assignment, we continue with the Clayoquot sound situation. As the forest manager responsible for ensuring the sustainable management of forests in the area, a major concern is to protect the health and vitality of the forests. The main cause of natural disturbance in these forests is windthrow, which tends to affect individual trees or small patches. Fire is almost absent as a source of disturbance. The forest consists of a mix of seral stages: some stands are only a few years old and are in the process of recovering following logging. Others are many hundreds of years old and comprise old growth stands. Harvesting techniques have moved away from the large clearcuts used in the past, and selective logging of small patches or individual trees is now the most commonly used technique. One of the management aims is to leave stands in some areas to recover to an old growth state, even though this will take hundreds of years.
Walking through some forest areas, you notice that many of the young western redcedar (Thuja plicata) are dead. Many sizes of trees seem to be affected, and in some areas, there are no surviving young trees. Affected trees range in size from saplings to mature trees. The more that you look, the more dead trees you notice. Clearly, something is happening in the forest.
Please use the six sentence answer format to argue what management actions you would recommend in the light of these observations.
FODE001
Requirements Changed
Topic 2.1: Conservation of Biological Diversity Module II Summary