Module Summary

In this module we have revised some key elements of ecology and the nature and distribution of forests in relation to climate. We have discussed the utility of ecosystem ecology as a background to managing degraded forests and plantation forests. We have revised the growth pattern of trees, and of forest stands, and discussed the role of disturbance in initiating regeneration. You will have refreshed your knowledge of seeder and sprouter mechanisms for tree regeneration following disturbance and will be able to comment on typical stand structures that result from these two methods of regeneration.